CAR T-cell therapy for leukemia leads to remissions in clinical trial

SEATTLE — July 17, 2017 — Researchers at Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center showed about 70 percent of patients with the most common adult leukemia had their tumors shrink or disappear following an experimental chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell immunotherapy.

The researchers also found that measuring genetic traces of cancer cells taken from bone marrow biopsies might be a better indicator of prognosis than the standard lymph node scan.

The Journal of Clinical Oncology published the results online July 17 of the Phase 1/2 clinical trial, which included 24 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) who had failed other treatments. Most of the patients had seen their cancer progress despite treatment with ibrutinib, a targeted cancer drug approved in 2014 for CLL by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.  

This history placed them in a high-risk group that was found in previous studies to have short survival with standard therapies.

“It was not known whether CAR T-cells could be used to treat these high risk CLL patients,” said lead author Dr. Cameron Turtle, an immunotherapy researcher at Fred Hutch. “Our study shows that CD19 CAR T-cells are a highly promising treatment for CLL patients who have failed ibrutinib.”

CD19 CAR T-cells are a type of immunotherapy in which a patient’s T cells are extracted from their blood and modified in a lab to recognize CD19, a target on the surface of leukemia cells. The engineered T cells are then infused back into the patient where they multiply and hunt down and kill cancer cells.

In CLL, bone marrow makes too many abnormal lymphocytes, which are a type of white blood cell. The American Cancer Society estimates that in the U.S., there will be about 20,000 new cases and 4,600 deaths from CLL in 2017. Tests of blood, bone marrow and lymph nodes—where lymphocytes congregate to fight infection—reveal the disease.

The 24 patients participating in the study ranged in age from 40 to 73 years, with a median age of 61. They had received a median of five other therapies with as few as three and as many as nine.

Researchers found that 17 out of 24 (71 percent) of patients saw their tumors shrink or disappear following CAR T-cell therapy using the standard measure of lymph node size by CT scans four weeks after treatment.

Of side effects of CAR-T cell therapy, 20 of the 24 patients—83 percent—experienced cytokine release syndrome (grade 1-2, 18 patients; grade 4, one patient; grade 5, one patient) and 8 patients (33 percent) developed neurotoxicity (grade 3, five patients; grade 5, one patient). For the most part the side effects were reversible, but two patients had side effects severe enough to require being admitted to the intensive care unit and one of those patients died.

 (An earlier report on trial results was presented by Turtle in December at the American Society of Hematology annual meeting.)

The new paper expands on the measures used to indicate whether the CAR T-cell treatment is working.

To take a closer look to see if any cancer cells remained after treatment, the research team analyzed samples taken from some of the patients’ bone marrow four weeks after the CAR T-cell infusion. The team used a genetic test called IGH deep sequencing, which is akin to a bar code and enables researchers to track cancer cells in the body.

Turtle and his collaborators did the sequencing analysis in 12 of the patients. Seven of the 12 patients had no malignant copies. All patients without malignant copies were alive and free of disease at a median follow-up of 6.6 months after CAR T-cell infusion.

Compared with the CT scans, having no malignant gene sequences in bone marrow following CAR T-cell therapy was a better predictor of the cancer staying at bay—known as “progression-free survival,” the researchers found.

The study is the first to suggest that deep sequencing might be a superior measure for predicting outcomes four weeks after CAR T-cell therapy for CLL.

The immunotherapy team at Fred Hutch is still enrolling eligible patients with CLL, acute lymphoblastic leukemia and non-Hodgkin lymphoma for treatment on CD19 CAR T-cell trials. The patients are seen at Seattle Cancer Care Alliance, the clinical care partner for Fred Hutch.

Fred Hutch co-authors of the paper are Kevin Hay, Laila-Aicha Hanafi, Shelly Heimfeld, Stanley R. Riddell and David G. Maloney. Other co-authors are Daniel Li, Juno Therapeutics; Sindhu Cherian, Xueyan Chen and Brent Wood, University of Washington; and Arletta Lozanski and John C. Byrd, The Ohio State University.

Funding for the project came from Juno Therapeutics, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Life Science Discovery Fund, the Bezos family, and the University of British Columbia.

Turtle, Maloney, and Riddell receive research funding from Juno Therapeutics and are named as inventors on one or more patents or patent applications related to this work. Riddell is a co-founder of Juno Therapeutics and has equity interest in Juno Therapeutics. Li is an employee of and has equity interests in Juno Therapeutics. Fred Hutch receives research funding from Juno Therapeutics.

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